You might have blinked twice. Wondered if something was different about today. And you would have been right.

Because in law, colour is never accidental.

Black is the everyday language of justice. It speaks of authority, neutrality, and calm discipline, the steady hand of a court going about its work. Most days, that is what you see.

But red? Red says something else entirely.

When a judge enters in a red robe, the courtroom already knows: today is not an ordinary day.

Traditionally, red robes are reserved for the most serious matters before a court, capital cases, where the weight of judgment could touch a person’s very life. The colour is no accident. Red has long been associated with blood, gravity, and consequence. It is the court’s silent announcement before a single word is spoken:

“Today, justice carries its heaviest burden.”

There is something quietly powerful about that. No speech needed. No announcement. Just a colour, and everyone in that room understands.

But red robes are not exclusive to criminal trials. Judges also wear them during special ceremonial sittings, the opening of a new legal year, valedictory sessions honouring departing colleagues, or other significant judicial occasions.

Here, the red robe shifts in meaning slightly. It becomes a symbol of honour, pageantry, and the full, formal dignity of the institution of justice.

Two very different occasions. One powerful colour. And in both cases, the message is the same: this moment matters.

So the next time you see a judge dressed in red, pause for a moment.

It is not fashion. It is not ceremony for ceremony’s sake. It is centuries of legal tradition distilled into a single, deliberate choice, a visual reminder that the law, at its highest and most serious, carries real weight.

The robe is red because what happens beneath it is anything but ordinary

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Gachagua, speaking at a church service held at PCEA Imenti North Presbytery in Meru County, rallied behind Koome, urging the government to halt any efforts to oust her.

He argued that the Chief Justice’s firm stance against impunity has made her a target of political forces intent on eroding Kenya’s democratic institutions.

“The state is targeting Chief Justice Martha Koome for one simple reason  her unwavering stand against impunity.

Her voice in the judiciary is crucial for upholding the rule of law, and they want to silence her,” Gachagua said, adding that the alleged plot to remove Koome is just the latest part of a systematic strategy to weaken the judiciary.

Gachagua also linked the alleged removal of Koome to the wider political landscape, claiming that the initial move was to remove him from office, and now the government seeks to eliminate the Chief Justice to pave the way for rigging the upcoming elections.

“This is a well-calculated scheme. First, they targeted me, now they want to remove the Chief Justice, and soon, they’ll come after the entire judiciary. This is all part of their plan to prepare for electoral fraud,” he asserted, his voice laden with concern.

The former Deputy President expressed strong support for Chief Justice Koome, urging her not to be intimidated.

“CJ Koome, stand firm. Don’t let them intimidate you. The people of Kenya are with you,” he added, his words resonating with the gathered crowd.

Gachagua further appealed to the international community to pay close attention to the situation in Kenya.

He claimed that the government had already captured the legislature and the executive, and was now moving swiftly to control the judiciary, which would result in a dangerous imbalance of power.

“The international community must keep a keen eye on Kenya. We need the world to see what is happening here. The state has already captured the legislature and the executive, and now they are moving to capture the judiciary. This is the moment for global solidarity to prevent Kenya from slipping into authoritarianism,” Gachagua urged.

On the political dynamics within Kenya’s central region, Gachagua addressed the issue of unity in the mountain, which has been a subject of tension within the political sphere.

He alleged that President William Ruto’s attempts to divide the region had been thwarted, and the residents of the area remained united.

“The unity of the Mountain is non-negotiable. The attempt by President Ruto and his allies to divide us has failed. We stand together, and we will continue to stand together for the sake of our people and our country,” Gachagua stated emphatically.

Accompanying Gachagua at the service was his wife, Pastor Dorcas Gachagua, as well as local and national leaders who joined him in delivering his strong message.

The event, attended by a large congregation, was marked by fervent prayers and expressions of solidarity, particularly towards the Chief Justice.

Gachagua’s remarks come at a time when tensions within the political and judicial spheres continue to rise.

With the general elections fast approaching, all eyes remain on Kenya as the nation grapples with issues of governance, judicial independence, and political integrity.

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During his engagement on the sidelines of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Standing Committee (CSPOC) meeting in Guernsey, Wetang’ula highlighted the significant role of over 500 Kenyan expatriates in enhancing the socio-economic fabric of the island, particularly in sectors like finance, hospitality, and education.

“It is truly inspiring to learn that Guernsey, with a population of around 65,000 residents, is home to such a dedicated and hardworking Kenyan diaspora. Their seamless integration into local society, while staying connected to their roots, speaks volumes about their commitment and optimism,” said Wetang’ula.

As part of his two-day official visit, Wetang’ula commended the community’s efforts to uplift Kenya’s profile internationally and invest in their home country.

He reaffirmed the Kenyan government’s commitment to supporting its diaspora, citing it as a key pillar of national growth and foreign policy.

“When I served as Foreign Minister, I championed the diaspora as key ambassadors for Kenya. You continue to represent and market Kenya on the global stage, and your contributions directly align with our national development strategy,” Wetang’ula noted.

The Speaker was warmly received by Ms. Catherine Wanyoike, Chairperson of the Kenyan Community in Guernsey, who expressed her gratitude for Wetang’ula’s visit.

She also took the opportunity to highlight the challenges faced by the diaspora, particularly in securing long-term visas that would facilitate deeper integration and sustainable development.

Wetang’ula assured the community that their concerns, especially regarding visa policies and integration issues, would be addressed.

“We will work closely with the Kenyan Mission in London to ensure that these challenges are resolved,” he promised.

Amb. Catherine Karemu, Kenya’s High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, also pledged support for the community, underscoring her office’s commitment to facilitating the Kenyan diaspora’s welfare in Guernsey.

“This engagement underscores the Government of Kenya’s unwavering support for its citizens abroad,” Wetang’ula concluded.

“The contributions of the Kenyan diaspora are invaluable to the nation, and we are committed to fostering stronger ties and enhancing opportunities for investment and growth both here and at home.”

The discussions also centered on ways to improve collaboration between Kenya and its diaspora, ensuring more robust support systems and policies to address their needs and enhance their success abroad.

Accompanying the Speaker on this visit were Mr. Jeremiah Ndombi, Deputy Clerk of the National Assembly, and Mr. Benson Milimo, Chief of Staff in the Speaker’s Office.

This engagement marks a significant step in deepening Kenya’s diplomatic ties with its expatriate communities, reinforcing their role in the country’s development and global presence.

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However, in recent years, this once-deadly disease has made a troubling comeback, with new cases surging worldwide.

In 2024 alone, over 8 million cases of syphilis were reported globally, a stark reminder that public health efforts to combat this infection are far from over.

From pregnant women to young adults, syphilis is spreading rapidly and silently, raising concerns about its impact on global health.

So why is syphilis on the rise, and what can be done to combat it?

The Sneaky Nature of Syphilis

Syphilis is often referred to as a “sneaky” disease, not just because it can go undetected for long periods, but because it can mimic the symptoms of many other illnesses.

Caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, syphilis begins with a small, painless ulcer known as a chancre, which usually appears on the genitals, anus, or mouth.

The sore typically heals on its own within a few weeks, often leading the infected person to believe they have recovered.

But the infection does not go away. Without treatment, the bacteria spread through the bloodstream and can progress into more severe stages, wreaking havoc on vital organs such as the brain, heart, and nervous system.

In its secondary stage, syphilis can cause flu-like symptoms, swollen lymph nodes, and a distinctive rash, often appearing on the palms of the hands or soles of the feet.

However, these symptoms too are easily confused with other illnesses, causing many individuals to overlook the possibility of syphilis.

After this phase, the disease can enter a dormant “latent” stage where no symptoms are visible, but the bacteria continue to damage organs silently.

This makes early detection crucial, but unfortunately, many people do not seek testing until the disease has already progressed to more severe stages.

The Global Rise of Syphilis

The resurgence of syphilis is largely attributed to several factors, including shifts in sexual behavior, inadequate STI education, and a lack of widespread testing.

The rise of online dating apps and the normalization of casual sex have made it easier for people to engage in unprotected sexual activity.

While the use of condoms remains an effective way to reduce the spread of syphilis, many people fail to use them consistently, particularly in relationships that they perceive as monogamous or committed.

A key factor in the increase of syphilis cases is the growing number of infections among pregnant women.

Syphilis can be transmitted from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth, causing a dangerous condition known as congenital syphilis.

This can lead to stillbirth, premature birth, or severe birth defects such as blindness, deafness, and neurological impairment in the infant.

In fact, the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified congenital syphilis as a major public health issue in low-resource countries, where access to prenatal care and syphilis testing may be limited.

Pregnant women are not always tested for syphilis during their first prenatal visit, and when they are, follow-up treatment may not be timely or adequate.

Another reason syphilis continues to spread is the stigma surrounding sexually transmitted infections.

Many individuals, especially those who engage in high-risk sexual behaviors, avoid seeking medical attention due to fear of judgment.

This reluctance to seek testing and treatment only fuels the cycle of transmission, as individuals unknowingly pass the bacteria on to their partners.

The Hidden Toll of Syphilis

The impact of syphilis is not just a health issue but a social one.

In communities where sexual health is a taboo subject, the stigma associated with STIs can prevent people from discussing their symptoms or seeking help.

As a result, syphilis continues to spread undetected, often leading to serious health complications.

One of the most vulnerable groups affected by the rise in syphilis cases is young people.

A large portion of new syphilis infections occur among adolescents and young adults, who are often more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviors and may lack comprehensive sexual education.

This demographic may not always have access to the resources necessary to protect themselves, and the normalization of unprotected sex in some social circles further exacerbates the issue.

The emotional and psychological toll of syphilis is also significant.

People who are diagnosed with syphilis may experience anxiety and guilt, not only because of the infection itself but also due to the societal stigma associated with STIs.

For pregnant women, the added stress of potentially harming their unborn child can lead to feelings of guilt and shame, further hindering their ability to seek the care they need.

The Importance of Early Detection and Treatment

The good news is that syphilis is a treatable and curable infection, especially when caught early.

A simple course of antibiotics, typically penicillin, can completely cure the disease and prevent any long-term health effects.

However, many people are unaware that they have syphilis, as the early symptoms are often mild or nonexistent.

This makes regular testing crucial, especially for those who are at higher risk, such as individuals with multiple sexual partners or those who do not consistently use condoms.

Health experts recommend that sexually active individuals, particularly those in high-risk groups, get tested for syphilis at least once a year.

For pregnant women, syphilis testing should be a routine part of prenatal care.

With early diagnosis and proper treatment, syphilis is not only treatable but preventable from causing severe complications.

The key to eradicating syphilis is ensuring that more people have access to regular STI screenings and are educated about the importance of seeking treatment if they suspect they have been exposed to the infection.

Prevention: The First Line of Defense

While treatment is crucial, prevention remains the best way to stop the spread of syphilis.

Condoms are one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of transmission, but they do not eliminate the risk entirely, especially if the sores are located in areas not covered by a condom.

Therefore, individuals with multiple sexual partners should take extra precautions by getting regular STI screenings and being open with their partners about sexual health.

In addition to condom use, mutual monogamy is another way to lower the risk of syphilis.

Limiting the number of sexual partners reduces the chances of exposure to the infection.

For those who are pregnant, seeking early prenatal care and ensuring they are tested for syphilis during their first visit can help protect both the mother and the child from the devastating effects of congenital syphilis.

Breaking the Cycle

The resurgence of syphilis is a stark reminder that we cannot afford to become complacent in the fight against sexually transmitted infections.

While syphilis is treatable and curable, the increasing number of cases worldwide signals that much more needs to be done to raise awareness, provide better access to healthcare, and reduce the stigma surrounding STIs.

Education plays a pivotal role in breaking the cycle of transmission, and with early detection and proper treatment, syphilis can be prevented from causing further harm to individuals and communities.

By prioritizing regular testing, practicing safe sex, and addressing the broader social issues that contribute to the spread of syphilis, we can work together to reverse this alarming trend.

Syphilis is a silent threat, but it doesn’t have to remain a global health crisis.

Through awareness, action, and education, we can ensure that syphilis no longer has the chance to silently spread.

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The session was held at the Mini Chambers of County Hall, Nairobi, and was chaired by Tharaka MP George Gitonga, with Kibwezi West MP Mwengi Mutuse serving as the vice-chair.

During his presentation, Abdi outlined his extensive experience in the field of investigations.

He shared details of his specialized training with international agencies such as the FBI and in Israel, focusing on investigative techniques.

Additionally, he highlighted his local leadership training at the Kenya School of Government, which he believes has equipped him with the necessary skills to lead the EACC effectively.

Abdi also emphasized the importance of collaboration between the EACC and the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) offices.

He advocated for a strong working relationship between the two institutions to ensure that corruption cases are thoroughly investigated and successfully prosecuted, ultimately leading to justice and the effective execution of anti-corruption efforts.

Abdi’s nomination, announced by EACC Chairperson David Oginde on November 22, 2024, comes as he prepares to succeed the current CEO, Mr. Twalib Mbarak, whose six-year term ends in January 2025.

Abdi was one of 172 applicants for the position, with the application deadline on October 7, 2024.

He is an Advocate of the High Court of Kenya and a seasoned investigator with over 30 years of experience in law enforcement.

Abdi started his career as a Cadet Inspector at the Kenya Police Service in 1989 before joining the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC) in 2005.

He later rose through the ranks to head the Directorate of Investigation at EACC.

Abdi holds a Master of Science in Security and Risk Management from the University of Leicester, a Bachelor of Laws degree from Mt. Kenya University, and a Professional Diploma in Law from the Kenya School of Law.

His financial disclosure of a net worth of Sh 130 million also garnered attention, as transparency in wealth is a key consideration in the appointment process.

Abdi’s professional background, combined with his vision for strengthening the fight against corruption, will play a crucial role as he seeks to secure the top position at the EACC.

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Kalonzo made the claim during a media briefing on Saturday, condemning the incident as a state-sponsored act of terrorism aimed at disrupting the peaceful gathering and stifling political opposition.

The incident occurred in Bibironi village, where mourners had gathered for a funeral.

Kalonzo asserted that the individuals responsible for the chaos had one clear objective: to cause destruction and prevent attendees from engaging with the mourners.

He dismissed official explanations from the police, including those from Inspector General of Police Douglas Kanja and Director of Criminal Investigations Mohamed Amin, who suggested that the violence was due to a lack of intelligence.

According to Kalonzo, the evidence was undeniable—this was a deliberate, state-backed attack, possibly involving abductions.

Kalonzo also emphasized the wider implications of such violence, stating that an attack on one Kenyan is an attack on the entire nation, regardless of race, ethnicity, or political affiliation.

He condemned the abduction of any citizen, framing it as an attack on the principles of a free and democratic society.

Former Deputy President Rigathi Gachagua also weighed in on the violence, asserting that the government played a role in the attack.

He described how a group of individuals followed him as he left the funeral, pelting his vehicle with stones and iron bars.

Gachagua expressed his deep disappointment, accusing the state of complicity in the incident.

He recounted how he was forced to leave the venue under a barrage of stones.

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That, in a nutshell, was the implication of the December 28, 2023 ruling by the Supreme Court, where the former High Court judge had taken his appeal after a tribunal found him guilty of corruption and recommended his sacking.

Chitembwe, who had until then been in the legal practice for 32 years, ceased to be a judge after he was found guilty of engaging in corrupt dealings with litigants. He was also barred from holding any public office.

This is with respect to the Kenyan constitution, Chapter Six Article 75 (3), which states; A person who has been dismissed or otherwise removed from office for a contravention of the provisions specified in clause (2) is disqualified from holding any other State office.

In its decision, the Supreme Court in a unanimous judgment, rejected Chitembwe’s appeal against the findings of a tribunal appointed by retired President Uhuru Kenyatta in May 2022. The tribunal chaired by Justice Ngugi had recommended Chitembwe’s removal from office on grounds of gross misconduct.

The five-judge bench, which comprised Justices Mohamed Ibrahim, Smokin Wanjala, Njoki Ndung’u, Isaac Lenaola and William Ouko ruled that Chitembwe had breached the Code of Conduct and Ethics and thereby not suitable to continue serving as a judge.

“This Petition of Appeal fails as we are satisfied with the Tribunal’s conclusion that the evidence presented established that the petitioner’s conduct was in breach of the Code of Conduct and Ethics and also amounted to gross misconduct or misbehaviour contrary to Article 168(1) (b) and (e) of the Constitution,” The judges of the apex court ruled while upholding Chitembwe removal as a judge in February last year.

This followed a recommendation by the Judicial Service Commission (JSC) led by Chief Justice martha Koome that Justice Chitembwe be removed from office over leaked videos, social media posts, and audio cell phone recordings by former Nairobi Governor Mike ‘Sonko that depicted him in a scheme to compromise an active court cases.

In the recordings Chitembwe was exposed discussing with persons, including, Sonko, the sale of property number Kwale/Galu/Kinondo/779 (parcel no. 779) which had been the subject of a succession cause H.C Succ. Cause Malindi No. 97 of 2015, In the Matter of the Estate of Peter Werner (Deceased) over which he had presided as a Judge.

Among the things discussed was the possible withdrawal of an appeal, Malindi Civil Appeal No. 32 of 2018, Pacific Frontiers Seas Limited versus Jane Mutulu Kyengo and Another, that had been lodged against his decision in the said succession case.

In other video and audio recordings, Chitembwe is presented discussing yet another matter with Sonko, in which the former governor was the petitioner where he had sued former Clerk of Nairobi City County Assembly and nine others

Sonko alleged that some city lawyers received over Sh 315 million to compromise his impeachment process.

In the amateur videos released by Sonko, a man purported to be Judge Chitembwe was seen receiving a bag full of money from a lawyer for the purpose of defeating justice.

Dubbed “The Rot in the Kenyan Judiciary” the first episode of a five-part series shows the events leading to Sonko’s impeachment and Chitembwe’s alleged involvement in fraudulent dealings in his chambers.

The petitioner claimed Chitembwe had been approached by a lawyer and Nairobi County Assembly majority leader Abdi Guyo asking him to rule against Sonko.

The judge allegedly requested the lawyer to make arrangements for him to meet retired President Uhuru Kenyatta to give his nod to impeaching Sonko.

The lawyer allegedly confirmed that the State House wanted the governor out of office.

It is said that the lawyer was acting at the behest of Nairobi City County MCAs and a county executive committee member in a desperate bid to have his legal fees paid.

Guyo and the lawyer reportedly visited judge Chitembwe at his residence in Mountain View Estate.

In its decision ,the Apex court ruled that the evidence, which included covertly recorded video and audio recordings, confirmed Chitembwe’s misconduct.

The Supreme Court bench comprising of justices further stated that the audio and video recordings presented as evidence against Chitembwe did not violate his right to privacy as he had argued.

“On the allegation of entrapment, the Court finds that the recordings were procured by the petitioner’s relatives and acquaintances, and even in the absence of the recordings, there was independent and direct evidence of persons who were present and participated fully in the recorded conversation,” the Supreme Court bench said.

“Those present testified as to who they were and what their engagements were in different sectors of the economy. None of them was a government agent or an enforcement officer and therefore the allegation lacked basis.”

These recordings surfaced when Chitembwe was serving as a judge of the Civil Division in Nairobi in November, 2021.

Following the leaked videos, four petitions were filed by former Nairobi Governor Sonko, Francis Wambua, Imgrad Geige and David Leboo Ole Kilusu seeking the removal of the Judge from office.

The petitioners accused the judge of being involved in bribery in land disputes that he handled.

While confirming that allegations of corruption against Chitembwe were proved by the petitioners, the Judges noted “his conduct, apart from being unprofessional was also unbecoming of a judge and contravened Articles 73 of the Constitution as well as Regulations 15, 16(a), (b), (c) and 17(3) of the Code of Conduct and Ethics.”

“Consequently, like the Tribunal we find that the petitioner’s conduct amounted to a lack of accountability, involvement in corrupt practices, and impropriety contrary to Articles 10, 73, and 75 of the Constitution, and Regulations 13(1)(a), 14(1)(a), 14(1)(b), 14(3), and 30 of the Code of Conduct and Ethics,” the supreme court ruled

“We also find that Chitembwe was engaged in the subversion of justice by commenting on pending cases and suggesting to a litigant, possible points for the challenge of the judgment arising from the consolidated petitions contrary to Article 75(c) of the Constitution, and Regulation 18 of the Code of Conduct and Ethics,”

The Apex court stated that it was wrongful for judge Chitembwe to comment on proceedings pending in any court as he did.

“The evidence before us and as captured in the Hansard of November 4, 2021, is that Chitembwe admitted that he discussed with Hon. Sonko possible grounds of appeal against the judgment in the consolidated petitions(Impeachment proceedings), being the grounds in the petition. In our view, such advice, from a judge to a person who was a litigant before him in the matter, the subject of discussion and in respect of which an appeal to the Court of Appeal was contemplated, is what is prohibited by Regulations 17(3) and 18(1) of the Code of Conduct and Ethics,” the judges stated.

“Ultimately, we find that Chitembwe was engaged in the subversion of justice by commenting on pending cases and suggesting to a litigant, possible points for the challenge of the judgment arising from the consolidated petitions contrary to Article 75(c) of the Constitution,” they added.

The five judges of the apex court ruled that the evidence presented before the court confirmed Chitembwe’s conduct as a violation of the Code of Conduct and Ethics, constituting gross misconduct and misbehaviour.

“The Court found that there was no basis upon which to conclude that the JSC violated the petitioner’s right to fair administrative action, nor did the Tribunal, for rejecting the invitation to interrogate the proceedings before the JSC, for which it had no powers,” ruled the Supreme Court bench.

“The Court cannot find fault in the Tribunal’s conclusion that the petitioner’s conduct divested him of any claim to protection under the principles of judicial immunity. Judicial immunity will only be available for actions or omissions of a judge done or omitted to be done in good faith and in the lawful performance of a judicial function.”

While uphold the tribunal finding that ruling, the Supreme Court sounded what appeared like a warning to state officers stating that they should respect the law, specifically chapter six of the constitution.

The Supreme court held that Judges are entrusted with a significant responsibility to uphold the principles of justice and maintain the integrity of the judicial and legal system.

“In their everyday lives, public or private, judges are expected to exhibit the highest standards of impartiality, fairness, and ethical behavior. They must remain unbiased and refrain from any actions or expressions that may compromise their objectivity. They must display a demeanor that commands respect and instills public confidence in the office of a judge,” the Judges ruled.

The court held that transparency, diligence, and a commitment to upholding the rule of law are paramount in guiding judges in the proper conduct of their duties and fostering public trust in the legal system they represent.

“Maintaining independence from external influences is crucial to ensuring the credibility of the judiciary, and judges are obligated to resist any attempts at undue influence or interference,” the five judges of the apex court said

The decision underscores the judiciary’s commitment to uphold the law and its procedures, particularly in matters involving accusations of corruption within its own ranks.

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The giga-kitchen uses sustainable energy infrastructure that includes the use of eco-friendly scrap wood briquettes to run two boilers to heat water and create the steam needed to cook over 60,000 meals a day.

The School Feeding Program ‘Dishi Na County’ which was launched by Governor Jonhson Sakanja ensures that children get hot nutritious meals to curb malnutrition, promote academic performance, and encourage school enrollment.

The kitchen and its satellite kitchens have also created job opportunities for the city residents, which have impacted positively by transforming the lives of families in poor neighborhoods, and ensuring the school-going children get a meal with only 5 shillings using the tap-to-eat wristband.

The Dish na County initiative, implemented by the Nairobi city county, targets public primary schools and early childhood education centers in its jurisdiction.

The initiatives involve the establishment of centralized kitchens known as Giga Kitchens in strategic locations, from which food is prepared in large scale and transported to the eligible schools.

The aim of the initiative is to provide hot nutritious and balanced meals to children at highly subsidised cost as a strategy to improve their nutritional status, increase school enrolment and performance.

The establishment of the centralised kitchens is based on the premise that it reduces the cost of construction, food purchase, preparation, labour, and energy that would be incurred in setting up separate kitchens in all the schools within the county.

In Kenya, school going children and adolescents spend most of their time in school, about 75% of the year, where they consume more than half of their daily meals.

The school environment is, therefore a suitable platform for promoting and providing healthy diets as a strategy to reduce the risks of malnutrition and realise the right to adequate food and nutrition for children as envisaged in the constitution.

Recognizing the critical role of schools in children’s lives, both in education and nutrition, the Government of Kenya and development partners initiated the School Meal Programme in 1980, aimed at providing mid-day meals to children in public primary schools especially those in arid, semi-arid areas and urban slums that are prone to droughts and food insecurity.

In 2009, the school meal program was restructured into a more sustainable and nationally owned Home-Grown School Meals Programme (HGSMP), which prioritizes the local food supply to schools.

Under the HGSMP, the Government disburses funds directly to schools and provides guidelines in key aspects of school meals, such as the nutritional composition of food baskets, adequate procurement processes and monitoring/evaluation.

The schools then bear the responsibility of procuring foods that are locally produced and culturally acceptable.

Some schools have established school gardens to supplement the school meal program, but inadequate space, farming inputs and poor attitude, knowledge and skills in farming hinder school gardening and optimal production for those who are already implementing school gardening.

Furthermore, most of the government led school meal initiative do not cover private schools. As such, even the low cost private schools from urban slums do not benefit from school government’s meal initiatives, despite the high levels of malnutrition, poverty and food insecurity in the communities that they serve.

Lack or inadequate school meal infrastructure and facilities such as storage facilities, kitchens and energy saving methods, dining spaces and water supply also impede the implementation of school meal programs.

School with poor or inadequate storage facilities often experience food spoilage and wastage and have to procure perishable goods on daily basis and discard any food remains, which is non-economical and inconvenient.

Inadequate and intermittent water supply to schools also is a key challenge in implementing the school meal program, especially for schools that have not installed water storage facilities.

In such cases, water shortage compromises food safety and hygiene increase the risks of contamination and food poisoning to the children.

Some schools still use traditional cooking method such as firewood, which is not only time and energy inefficient, but also a source of pollution in the school and the surrounding environs. The study conducted raised concerns of poorly (undercooked), non-fresh foods and encountering smoke in their offices and classrooms as result of poor storage and cooking facilitie

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